Power corrupts those who hold it
Napoleon starts as one leader among several and ends as an absolute dictator who executes animals and trades with humans. The novel shows corruption as a process, not a single event—each privilege the pigs take makes the next one feel normal.
Propaganda replaces truth
Squealer is the engine of the pigs' control. He rewrites Snowball's history, adjusts the commandments, and explains away every failure. The novel shows that a regime doesn't need to be strong if it can make people doubt their own memories.
Class inequality reasserts itself
The revolution promises to end class hierarchy, but the pigs immediately create a new one. They eat better, work less, and eventually live exactly like the humans they replaced. Orwell argues that inequality doesn't disappear—it just finds new justifications.
Blind loyalty enables tyranny
Boxer's two mottos—work harder and trust Napoleon—make him the perfect subject for an authoritarian state. His loyalty is genuine and his work ethic is real, but both are exploited completely. The novel treats unquestioning loyalty as a political danger.
The betrayal of idealism
Old Major's vision is genuinely hopeful. The early days of Animal Farm feel like a real improvement. The tragedy is that the ideals weren't wrong—they were stolen. The novel mourns what the revolution could have been while showing exactly how it was destroyed.