Independence and self-worth
Jane refuses to accept other people's definitions of her value. She is told she is plain, poor, and unimportant, and she rejects all of it. The novel tracks her building a sense of self that does not depend on anyone else's approval.
Class and social position
Victorian England sorted people rigidly by birth and money. Jane sits in an uncomfortable middle space as a governess, and the novel shows how that position limits her options and shapes how others treat her.
Passion versus morality
Jane loves Rochester and wants to stay with him, but she knows that staying would mean living a lie. The tension between what she feels and what she believes is right drives the central conflict of the book.
Religion and its uses
Bronte puts three versions of Christianity in front of Jane. Helen's faith is personal and comforting. Brocklehurst's is punitive and self-serving. St. John's is cold and demanding. Jane has to navigate all three without losing herself.
The trapped woman
Bertha Mason is the most literal version of a woman locked up by the men around her, but Jane also faces containment at every stage. The novel keeps asking what it costs women to live inside the rules men set for them.