Totalitarianism and the mechanics of control
Gilead controls women through surveillance, ritual, isolation, and the removal of language and money. Atwood shows that oppression works not just through violence but through systems that make people police each other and doubt themselves.
Identity and the self under erasure
Offred loses her name, her family, and her legal existence. The novel tracks how she holds onto a private self through memory and narration, showing that identity is something people fight to keep, not just something they have.
The use and abuse of religion
Gilead wraps every act of control in biblical language and ceremony. Atwood shows how religion can be weaponized to make oppression look sacred and to silence anyone who questions it.
Resistance and its limits
Characters resist in different ways — Moira through escape attempts, Ofglen through the Mayday network, Offred through memory and narration. But Atwood refuses to make resistance heroic or guaranteed. Most of it fails or gets absorbed.
Who controls the story
The Historical Notes ending forces the question of whose account of events gets preserved and believed. Atwood shows that power shapes not just the present but the historical record, and survivors' voices are often the first to be dismissed.