The Man (the father)
The protagonist. He is dying and knows it. He makes brutal decisions to protect the boy and filters every choice through one question: will this keep my son alive? He is harder than the boy and more willing to give up on other people.
The Boy (the son)
Born after the disaster, the boy has never known another world. He is the moral conscience of the novel. He pushes back on his father's harshness, wants to help strangers, and keeps asking whether they are still good. His survival is the novel's central goal.
The Mother
She appears only in the father's memories. After the boy was born, she chose to die rather than survive in the ruined world. Her decision haunts the father and explains his obsession with keeping the boy alive at any cost.
Ely (the old blind man)
An old man the father and son meet on the road. He gives his name as Ely, though the father suspects it is not real. He is one of the few strangers the boy gets to show kindness to. He represents the remnants of the old world, worn down to almost nothing.
The Veteran (the man at the end)
The man who approaches the boy after the father dies. He has a family, including a woman and children. He takes the boy in. His arrival at the end is the closest the novel gets to hope, though McCarthy keeps the details sparse.