Hester Prynne
The protagonist. She is publicly punished for adultery and forced to wear the scarlet A. Rather than being destroyed by it, she gradually redefines herself through charity and quiet strength. By the end, she wears the letter by choice and becomes a figure of compassion in the community.
Arthur Dimmesdale
The hidden sinner. He is Pearl's father and Hester's partner in the original sin, but he never confesses publicly. His guilt eats him from the inside, and Chillingworth's manipulation accelerates his decline. His final public confession on the scaffold is both his redemption and his death.
Roger Chillingworth
Hester's estranged husband and the novel's primary villain. He arrives in Boston, hides his identity, and dedicates himself to psychologically destroying Dimmesdale. The novel tracks his transformation from a cold but rational man into something the narrator describes as demonic.
Pearl
Hester's daughter, born from the sin the novel revolves around. She is wild, perceptive, and strange. She functions as a living symbol of the secret — she is drawn to the scarlet letter and refuses to let her mother forget it. She is freed only after Dimmesdale's public confession.
The Puritan Community
Not one person but a collective force. The community enforces moral law, interprets the letter, and shapes the lives of all three main characters. It is judgmental and rigid, but Hawthorne also shows it slowly softening toward Hester over time.