Santiago
The old fisherman and protagonist. He is skilled, proud, and deeply alone. Over the course of the novella he goes from a man the village has written off to someone who proves — mostly to himself — that he still has something extraordinary left in him.
Manolin
The teenage boy who loves and admires Santiago. He was trained by the old man and still cares for him despite being forced to fish on another boat. He represents loyalty, continuity, and the human connection that gives Santiago's struggle meaning.
The Marlin
The great fish functions almost as a character. Santiago respects it, talks to it, and grieves killing it. It is the worthy opponent that brings out everything Santiago has — and its destruction by sharks feels like a shared loss.
The Sharks
The sharks are not villains but they are relentless. They represent the forces that strip away achievement — time, bad luck, the indifference of the world. Santiago fights them knowing he will lose, which is the point.
Joe DiMaggio
DiMaggio never appears in the story but lives in Santiago's mind as a standard of excellence under pain. He is a real figure Santiago uses to measure whether he is doing enough — a psychological anchor during the hardest moments of the fight.